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The ''lois scélérates'' ("villainous laws") — a pejorative name — are a set of French laws restricting the 1881 freedom of the press laws passed under the Third Republic (1870–1940), after several bombings and assassination attempts carried out by anarchist proponents of "propaganda of the deed". The first law was passed on December 11, 1893, two days after Auguste Vaillant's bombing of the National Assembly on December 9, 1893 (one person injured). It condemned advocacy of any crime as a crime, which permitted the state to repress most of the anarchist press. The second law was passed on December 18, 1893, and condemned any person directly or indirectly involved in a ''propaganda of the deed'' act, even if no killing was effectively carried out. The last law was passed on July 28, 1894, and condemned any person or newspaper using anarchist propaganda (and, by extension, socialist libertarians who were current or former members of the International Workingmen's Association (IWA)): Thus, free speech and encouraging ''propaganda of the deed'' or antimilitarism were severely restricted. Some people were condemned to prison for rejoicing at the 1894 assassination of French president Sadi Carnot by the Italian anarchist Sante Geronimo Caserio. The term has since entered popular language to designate any harsh or unjust laws, in particular anti-terrorism legislation which often broadly represses whole social movements. == See also == *Anti-terrorism legislation *Anti-Socialist Laws passed in Germany in 1878 *French Third Republic (1870–1940) *Propaganda of the deed *Trial of the thirty (1894) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Lois scélérates」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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